City of Hope Pain & Palliative Care Resource Center

II.   Spirituality

This section includes City of Hope publications and other resources relating to spirituality in health care including articles relating to cross-cultural topics. There is a listing of tools for assessing spirituality and spiritual concerns, links to organizational position statements relating to spirituality, and recommended publications.

      City of Hope Publications

1.      Otis-Green, S., Ferrell, B. R., Borneman, T., Puchalski, C., Uman, G., & Garcia, A. (2012). Integrating spiritual care within palliative care: An overview of nine demonstration projects. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 15(2), 154-163.
DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2011.0211.

2.    Borneman, T., Ferrell, B. R., & Puchalski, C. M. (2010). Evaluation of the FICA tool for spiritual assessment. Journal of Pan and Symptom Management, 40(20), 163-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.12.019.

3.     Wong, F.L., Fransisco, L., Togawa, K., Bosworth, A., Golzales, M., Hanby, C., Sabado, M., Grant, M., Forman, S. J., & Bhatia, S., (2010).  Long-term recovery after hematopoietic cell transplantation: Predictors of quality-of-life concerns. Blood, 115(12), 2508-2519. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-225631.

4.     Puchalski, C., Ferrell, B. R., Virani, R., Otis-Green, S., Baird, P., Bull, J. et al., (2009).  Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: The report of the consensus conference. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(10), 885-904. DOI: 10.1089=jpm.2009.0142. 

5.     Baldwin, C. M., Grant, M., Wendel, C. Rawl, S., Schmidt, C. M., Ko, C., & Krouse, R. S. (2008). Influence of intestinal stomal on spiritual quality of life of U.S. veterans. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 26(3), 185-194.
DOI: 10.1177/0898010108315185.

6.     Crane-Okada, R. (2007). A compass for the cancer journey: Scientific, spiritual, and practical directives. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34(5), 945-954. DOI: 10.1188/07.ONF.945-955.

7.     Ferrell, B. R. (2007). Meeting spiritual needs: What is an oncologist to do? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(5), 467-468. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.3724.

8.     Mularski, R. A., Dy, S. M., Shugarman, L. R., Wilkinson, A. M., Lynn, J., Shekelle, P. G., Morton, S. C., Sun, V. C., Hughes, R. G., Hilton, L. K., et al., (2007). A systematic review of measures of end-of-life care and its outcomes. Health Services Research, 42(5), 1848-1870. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00721.x.

9.     Otis-Green, S. (2006). Spiritual palliative care. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 1477-1478.

10.     Ferrell, B. R., Smith, S. L., Juarez, G., & Melancon, C. H. (2003). Meaning of illness and spirituality in ovarian cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30(2), 249-257.  DOI: 10.1188/03.ONF.249-257.

11.   Otis-Green, S., Sherman, R., Perez, M., & Baird, P. (2002). An integrated psychosocial spiritual model for cancer pain management. Cancer Practice, Special Issue: Issues in cancer pain management: Models of success, 10(Supp. 1), 58-65.

      
      Recommended Publications

1.      Selman, L., Siegert, R., Harding, R., Harding, R., Gysels, M., Speck, P., & Higginson, I. J. (2011). A psychometric
        evaluation of measures of spirituality validated in culturally diverse palliative care populations. Journal of Pain and
        Symptom Management, 42(4), 604-622. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.015.

2.     Making Health Care Whole: Integrating Spirituality into Patient Care
        -      Puchalski, C. M., & Ferrell, B. R. (2010). PA: Templeton Press. ISBN: 9781599473505.        

3.     Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing, esp. Part IV: Spiritual Care
        -      Ferrell, B. R., & Coyle, N.  (2010). NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780195391343.

4.     Alcorn, S. R., Balboni, M. J., Prigerson, H. G., Reynolds, A., Phelps, A. C., Wright, A. A., et al., (2010).  If God wanted  me
        yesterday, I wouldn’t be here today: Religious and spiritual themes in patients’ experiences of advanced cancer. Journal
        of Palliative Medicine, 13(5), 581-588.  DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2009.0343.

5.     Patterson, M. (2010).  Prayer shawls: A blessing in every stitch.  Health Progress, 91(3), 49-51.

6.     Abu-Ras, W., & Laird, L. (2010).  How Muslim and non-Muslim chaplains serve Muslim patients? Does the interfaith
        chaplaincy model have room for Muslims’ experiences?  Journal of Religious Health.
        DOI: 10.1007/s10943-010-9357-4.

7.     Salman, K., & Zoucha, R. (2010). Considering faith within culture when caring for the terminally ill Muslim patient and
         family.  Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 12(3), 156-163. DOI: 10.1097/NJH.0b013e3181e24a52.

8.     Albers, G., Echteld, M. A., de Vet,  H. C. W., Onwuteaka, Philipsen, B. D., van der Linden, M. H. M., & Deliens, L. (2010).
        Content and spiritual items of quality-of-life instruments appropriate for use in palliative care: A review.  Journal of Pain
        and Symptom Management, 40(2), 290-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.12.012. 

9.     Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality
         -     Nelson, J. M. (2009). NY: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-87572-9 (Print) 978-0-387-87573-6 (Online).
                DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87573-6.

10.   Kreitzer, M.J., Gross, C. R., Waleekhachonloet, O., Reilly-Spong, M., & Byrd, M., (2009). The brief serenity scale: a
         psychometric analysis of a measure of spirituality and well-being.  Journal of Holistic Nursing (0898-0101), 27 (1),
         7-16.  Describes a 22-item Serenity Scale, a tool that measures serenity as a dimension of spirituality and well-being.
         DOI: 10.1177/0898010108327212.

11.    Phelps, A. C., Maciejewski, P. K., Nilsson, M., Balboni, T. A., Wright, A. A., & Paulk, M. E. (2009).  Religious coping and
         use of intensive life-prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer.  Journal of the American Medical 
         Association, 301(11), 1140-1147. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.341. 

12.    Yardley, S.J., Walshe, C. E., & Parr, A. (2009).  Improving training in spiritual care: A qualitative study exploring patient
         perceptions of professional educational requirements.  Palliative Medicine, 23(7), 601-607.
         DOI: 10.1177/0269216309105726.

13.    Vachon, M., Fillion, L., & Achille, M. (2009).  A conceptual analysis of spirituality at end of life.  Journal of Palliative
         Medicine, 12(1), 53-59. DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2008.0189.

14.    The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Nursing
         -     Ferrell, B., & Coyle, N. (2008). NY: Oxford University Press.  ISBN #: 9780195333121.       

15.   Ando, M., Morita, T., Okamoto, T., & Ninosaka, Y. (2008).  One-week Short-Term Life Review interview can improve
         spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients. Psycho-oncology, 17(9),  885-890. DOI: 10.1002/pon.1299.

16.    Edmondson, D., Park, C. L., Chaudoir, S. R., & Wortmann, J. H. (2008).  Death without God: Religious struggle, death
         concerns, and depression in the terminally ill.  Psychological Science, 19(8), 754-758.
         DOI: 10.1111/j.14679280.2008.02152.x.

17.    Daaleman, T. P., Usher, B. M., Williams, S. W., Rawlings, J., & Hanson, L. C. (2008).  An exploratory study of spiritual
         care at the end of life.  Annals of Family Medicine, 6(5), 406-411. DOI: 10.1370/afm.883.

18.    Timmins, F., & Kelly, J., (2008). Spiritual assessment in intensive and cardiac care nursing.  Nursing in Critical Care,
         13(3),  124-131. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-5153.2008.00276.x.

19.    Vivat, B. (2008).  Measures of spiritual issues for palliative care patients: A literature review. Palliative Medicine, (0269-
         2163), 22 (7), 859. A literature review of 29 tools for measuring spirituality. DOI: 10.1177/0269216308095990.

20.    Vachon, M. L. (2008). Meaning, spirituality, and wellness in cancer survivors.  Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 24(3),
         218-225.  DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2008.05.010.

21.   Carpenter, K., Girvin, L., Kitner, W., & Ruth-Sahd, L. A., (2008). Spirituality: A dimension of holistic critical care nursing.          Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 27(1), 16-20. DOI: 10.1097/01.DCC.0000304668.99121.b2

22.   Larocca-Pitts, M.A. (2008).  FACT: Taking a spiritual history in a clinical setting.  Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy
         (0885-4726), 15 (1), 1.  Outlines CSI-MEMO, FICA, HOPE, FAITH, SPIRIT, and describes FACT—a spiritual 
         assessment  tool for chaplains.

23.   Goldstein, E. D., (2007). Sacred moments: Implications on well-being and stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology,
         63(10), 1001-1019. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20402.

24.   Smith-Stoner, M. (2007). End-of-life preferences for Atheists.  Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10(4), 923-928.
         DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2006.0197.

25.   Chaturvedi, S. K. (2007). Spiritual issues at end of life.  Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 13(2), 48.
         DOI: 10.4103/0973-1075.38899.  

26.    Puchalski, C. M., Lunsford, B., Harris, M. H., & Miller, T. (2006). Interdisciplinary spiritual care for seriously ill and
         dying patients: A collaborative model.  Cancer Journal, 12(5), 398-416.

27.    Taylor, E. J. (2006).  Prevalence and associated factors of spiritual needs among patients with cancer and family
         caregivers. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33(4), 729-735. DOI: 10.1188/06.ONF.729-735.

28.    King, M., Jones, L., Barnes, K, Low, J., Walker, C., Wilkinson, S., Mason, C., Sutherland, J., & Tookman, A.  (2006).
         Measuring spiritual belief: Development and standardization of a beliefs and values scale. Psychological Medicine
         (0033-2917), 36 (3), 417.  Development of a 20-item questionnaire that measures spirituality from both a religious
         and non-religious perspectives. DOI: 10.1017/S003329170500629X.

29.    Quest, T. E., & Franks, N.  M., (2006). Vulnerable populations: Cultural and spiritual direction. Emergency Medicine
         Clinics of North America, 24(3), 687-702. DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2006.05.010.

30.   Sinclair, S., Pereira, J., & Raffin, S., (2006).  A Thematic review of the spirituality literature within palliative care.  
         Journal  of Palliative Medicine, 9(2), 464-479. DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2006.9.464.

31.    Sinclair, S., Raffin, S., Pereira, J., & Guebert, N., (2006). Collective soul: The spirituality of an interdisciplinary palliative
         care team.  Palliative and Supportive Care, 4(2), 13-24. DOI: 10.1017/S14789515060032.

32.    Brown, A. E., Whitney, S. N., & Duffy, J. D., (2006). The physician's role in the assessment and treatment of spiritual
         distress at the end of life. Palliative & Supportive Care, 4(1), 81-86. DOI: 10.10170S1478951506060093.

33.    Hills, J., Paice, J. A., Cameron, J. R., & Shott, S., (2005). Spirituality and distress in palliative care consultation. Journal 
         of  Palliative Medicine (1096-6218), 8 (4), 782. Pilot study measuring facets of spirituality with several scales including
         RCOPE, FACIT-Sp, FICA, and POMS-SF. DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2005.8.782.

34.   Baggini, J., & Pym, M. (2005). End-of-life: The humanist view. The Lancet, 366(9492), 1235-1237.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67486-7.

35.   Markwell, H. (2005). End-of-life: A Catholic view. The Lancet, 366(9491), 1132-1135.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67425-9.

36.    Engelhardt, H. T., & Iltis, A. S., (2005). End-of-life: The traditional Christian view.  The Lancet, 366(9490), 1045-1049.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67383-7.

37.    Keown, D. (2005).  End-of-life: The Buddhist view. The Lancet, 366(9489), 952-955.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67323-0.

38.    Dorff, E. N. (2005).  End-of-life: Jewish perspectives.  The Lancet, 366(9488), 862-865.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67219-4.

39.    Sachedina, A. (2005).  End-of-life: The Islamic view.  The Lancet, 366(9487), 774-779.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67183-8.

40.   Firth, S. (2005).  End-of-life: A Hindu view.  The Lancet, 366(9486), 682-685.
         DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67141-3.

41.    Puchalski, C., & Romer, A. L., (2000). Taking a spiritual history allows clinicians to understand patients more fully.
          Journal of Palliative Medicine (1096-6218), 3 (1), 129.  FICA tool.

                 
       Educational Materials/Curriculum

1.      Completing a Life: A Resource for Taking Charge, Finding Comfort, Reaching Closure
         -          An interactive CD inviting patients and families to learn about the practical, emotional, spiritual, and medical issues
                faced by those dealing with advanced illness. The CD is available through the Instructional Media Center at
                Michigan State University.  

2.      Core Curriculum for Holistic Nursing - American Holistic Nurses Association
         -         Nurses are increasingly aware of the need to blend technology, mind, and spirit in creating optimal circumstances
                for healing. Barbara Dossey, a pioneer and leader in the field, has created a core curriculum that will provide a
                blueprint for what it means to be a holistic nurse. Order online at .  

3.      FACIT Questionnaires
         -        Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy, (FACIT), manages questionnaires that measure health-
                related quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. The first questionnaire, The Functional Assessment of       
                Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), was developed and validated over 10 years ago, and has been used in hundreds
                of studies worldwide. Since then over 40 questionnaires have been developed and selected questionnaires
                translated into over 45 different languages. There are three questionnaires relating to spirituality: the FACIT-Sp
                (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Well-Being), FACIT-Sp-12 (12-item Spiritual Well-
                Being Scale), FACIT-Sp-Ex (Spiritual Well-Being, Expanded version).

4.      Fast Facts and Concepts – End of Life/Palliative Education Resource Center (EPERC), Milwaukee, WI
          -       Taking a Spiritual History                          
          -       Music Therapy                                            
          -       Physicians and Prayer Requests             
          -       Pain, Suffering and Spiritual Assessment    

5.       GWish SOERCE:  Educational and clinical resources in spirituality, religion, and health
           -       An amazing array of resources on spirituality, religion, and health. Supported by a grant from The John Templeton
                Foundation, GWish created SORECE to build the online infrastructure to support medical educators and other
                health professionals in their quest to teach about spirituality and health by providing educational materials and
                resources. SOERCE covers an array of topics including spiritual assessment, end of life care, palliative care, spiritual
                distress management and interventions, articles on major faith traditions, educational modules, presentations, and
                videos.  

6.       Marie Curie Cancer Care - London: Marie Curie Cancer Care
          -       Spiritual & religious care competencies assessment tools for specialists in palliative care.                

7.     Passport to Comfort: Reducing Barriers to Pain & Fatigue Management #27 – City of Hope, Duarte, CA
          -      This model addresses patient, professional and system barriers to the relief of pain and fatigue and is based on      
                established guidelines developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). An NCI supported 
                program.  Most available in English and Spanish.  
                -         Patient Spiritual Care Card
                -         Spirituality Card

8.      Spiritual Care at the End of Life
         -     Growth House provides several spiritual care training modules and assessment tools for palliative and end of life
                care including a spiritual training module for healthcare workers and chaplains that is specific to palliative and end
                of life care. There is an educational training module, pre-tests and post-tests, as well as the spirituality
                questionnaires/exercises for clergy and for health care professionals.  

9.      Toolkit of Instruments to Measure End of Life Care (TIME)
          -    This is an extensive website, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and developed and maintained by
                Joan Teno, MD, MS at Brown University. It includes an Executive Summary reporting the status and need of
                Instruments in end of life care along with listings, links, and access to various instruments measuring various
                aspects of EOL care. Slide presentations, new instruments and old draft instruments are also available on the
                website. Instrument sections are divided as follows: Quality of Life, Pain and Other Symptoms, Emotional and
                Cognitive Symptoms, Functional Status, Survival Time and Aggressive Care, Advance Care Planning, Continuity of
                Care, Spirituality, Grief and Bereavement, Caregiver Well-being, and Patient Centered Reports and Rankings (e.g.
                satisfaction) with Quality of Care.  

       Other Organizational Links   

       
      Position Statements/Standards

1.      American Holistic Medical Association (AHMA) Ethical Guidelines                  

2.     American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA) Position Statements

3.     Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association (HPNA)  Position Statements
         Spiritual Care

4.     The Joint Commission 

5.     National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
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        Palliative Care
        Distress Management

6.     National Consensus Project (NCP) for Quality Palliative Care